Names with phylogenetic definitions are here preceded by a clademark (“/”). When non-phylogenetic taxa are used as specifiers, we intend that the correct specifier is the type specimen of the type species (using the traditional system).

/Bombacoideae. Stem-based: internal specifier = Bombax ceiba L.; external specifier = Malva sylvestris L. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Brownlowioideae.  Stem-based: internal specifier =  Brownlowia elata Roxb.;  external specifiers: Dombeya palmata Cav. Malva sylvestris L., Sterculia foetida L., Helicteres isora L., Tilia europaea L. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Byttneriina.  Node-based: internal specifiers = /Byttnerioideae, /Grewioideae. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Byttnerioideae.  Node-based: internal specifiers = Byttneria scabra L., Hermannia hyssopifolia L., Theobroma cacao L. (Baum et al. 1998)

core Bombacoideae (informal name): Node-based: internal specifiers = Bombax ceiba L., Gyranthera darienensis Pittier (Baum et al. 2004)

core Malvoideae (informal name): Node-based: internal specifiers = Malva sylvestris L., Pentaplaris doroteae L. O. Williams & Standl. (Baum et al. 2004)

/Dombeyoideae.  Node-based:  internal specifiers = Dombeya palmata Cav., Nesogordonia bernierii Baill., Pterospermum suberifolium (L.) Willd. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Eumalvoideae. Node based:  internal specifiers = Malva sylvestris L., Gossypium arboreum L., Hibiscus syriacus L. (Baum et al. 2004) [Baum et al. 1998 included Lagunaria as an internal specifier but this is problematic given the uncertain placement of that taxon]

/Fremontodendreae.  Node-based: internal specifiers = Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreategui, Fremontodendron californicum (Torrey) Coville. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Grewioideae.  Node-based: internal specifiers = Grewia occidentalis L., Heliocarpus americanus L., Sparrmannia africana L. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Helicteroideae.  Node-based: internal specifiers = Durio zibethinus L., Helicteres isora L.

/Malvaceae.  Node-based: internal specifiers =  /Byttneriina, /Malvadendrina. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Malvadendrina.  Node-based: internal specifiers = Malva sylvestris L., Helicteres isora L., Tilia europaea L., Sterculia foetida L., Dombeya palmata Cav., Brownlowia elata Roxb., Helicteres isora L. (Baum et al. 1998)

 /Malvatheca.  Node-based: internal specifiers = /Malvoideae, /Bombacoideae, Ochroma lagopus O. Swartz, Patinoa almirajo Cuatrecasas, /Fremontodendreae, /Matisieae, Septotheca tessmannii Ulbrich. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Malvales.  Node-based: internal specifier = /Malvaceae, Bixa orellana L., Dipterocarpus costatus C. F. Gaertner, Muntingia calabura L., Neurada procumbens L., Petenaea cordata C. L. Lundell, Thymelaea sanamunda Allioni. (unpublished)

/Malvoideae.  Stem-based: internal specifier = Malva sylvestris L; external specifier = Bombax ceiba L. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Matisieae.  Node-based: internal specifiers = Matisia cordata Humbolt et Bonpland, Phragmotheca siderosa Cuatrecasas, Quararibea guianensis Aublet. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Sterculioideae.  Node-based: internal specifiers = Brachychiton paradoxum H. W. Schott et Endlicher, Cola acuminata (Palisot de Beauvois) H. W. Schott et Endlicher, Heritiera littoralis W. Aiton, Sterculia foetida L. (Baum et al. 1998)

/Tilioideae.  Stem-based: internal specifiers = Tilia europaea L.; External specifiers = Brownlowia elata Roxb., Dombeya palmata Cav., Malva sylvestris L., Sterculia foetida L., Helicteres isora L. (unpublished) [note Baum et al. provided a node-based definition which failed to accommodate uncertainty in the position of Mortoniodendron]

Literature:

Baum, D. A., W. S. Alverson, and R. Nyffeler.  1998.  A durian by any other name: Taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales.  Harvard Papers in Botany 3:313-330.

Baum, D. A., S. Dewitt Smith, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock and R. L. Oldham. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae s.l.) as inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and their bearing on the mallow radiation.  American Journal of Botany. 91: 1863-1871